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Two field experiments were conducted at a private farm near EL-Mansoura city, El-Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive seasons of 2011 and 2012 to study the effect of three water irrigation levels, the first was 2600 m3 fed-1 as the control treatment (the traditional irrigation amount used by the farmers in the area), the 2nd and the 3rd treatments were 1800 and 1000 m3 fed-1, respectively, as deficit irrigation treatments as well as four foliar applications, i.e., control, magnesium carbonate, kaolin and potassium silicate on growth, chemical composition, yield, water use efficiency and fruit quality of sweet pepper plants (Gedeon F1 Hybrid) cultivated under drip irrigation system in clay-loam soil at northern of Nile Delta lands. The main results could be summarized as follows: - Applying the high irrigation water level (2600 m3 fed-1) or the deficit level (1800 m3 fed-1) combined with foliar application of kaolin or potassium silicate showed the highest significant values of all studied vegetative growth aspects, i.e., stem diameter, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf relative water content. - Applying 2600 m3 fed-1 combined with foliar application of potassium silicate and 2600 or 1800 m3 fed-1 combined with foliar application of kaolin or potassium silicate significantly increased NPK uptake by sweet pepper plants foliage. - Applying 1000 m3 fed-1 combined with foliar application of kaolin or potassium silicate significantly increased total chlorophyll contents in sweet pepper leaves. - All studied yield characteristics, i.e., number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, early yield and total yield per feddan as well as water use efficiency were significantly increased by applying 1800 m3 fed-1 of irrigation water combined with foliar application of kaolin or potassium silicate. - The highest significant values of vitamin C, total soluble solids, reducing sugars and total sugars contents in sweet pepper fruits were significantly affected by applying the deficit irrigation treatments (1800 or 1000 m3 fed-1) combined with foliar application of kaolin or potassium silicate. - Fruit flesh thickness was significantly increased by applying 2600 m3 fed-1 combined with kaolin or potassium silicate foliar application. - The highest net return was obtained by applying 1800 m3 fed-1 combined with foliar application of kaolin; such treatment returns the highest benefit-cost ratio (2.51). In conclusion, this investigation demonstrate that irrigation sweet pepper plants with 1800 m3 fed-1 combined with kaolin foliar application (4%, 4 times during the season) could be recommended to improve the vegetative growth characteristics, chemical composition, total yield, water use efficiency and fruit quality, saving about 30% of the total used irrigation water quantity in sweet pepper production. Such treatment can be recommended under drip irrigation system in clay-loam soil at northern of Nil Delta lands, giving the highest net return and benefit-cost ratio to the farmers.
Gemmeiza 12, a new bread wheat variety released by Wheat Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Egypt in 2012, offers wheat growers a new choice for high yielding, and rust resistant variety. Gemmeiza 12 originated and selected from a hybrid made at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). The parentages and pedigree of Gemmeiza 12 are : OTUS/3/SARA/THB//VEE CMSS97Y00227S-5y-010M-010Y-010M-2Y-1M-0Y-OGM .Based on the results of 76 yield trials conducted during three successive growing seasons 2007/2008 , 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 and 73 verification yield trials through the three growing seasons 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 in addition to 22 demonstration fields during 2012/2013 growing season. The results proved the superiority of the new cultivar Gemmeiza 12 over most of the dominating wheat cultivars i.e, Sakha 93, Gemmeiza 9, Giza 168 and Sids 12 at Delta region and Middle Egypt. Moreover, the new cultivar yielded more than Sakha 93 at all locations representing Upper Egypt and Out Valley zones but its productivity was slightly less than Giza 168 and Sids 12 in both locations. The results obtained from the on-farm trials and the demonstration field assure the superiority of Gemmeiza 12 The new released variety was resistant to rust diseases especially both yellow and stem rust diseases. The flour of Gemmeiza 12 is acceptable for bread making since the protein content reached about 13% and the wet gluten percentage was 29.1%
The present investigation was carried out to study the direct and indirectmicropropagation of Antirrhinum majus In order to reduce the cost of production and to ensure the production of genetically identical ornamental plantlets for further field culture as well as for medium- term conservation for future use and research. For the direct micropropagation addition of 70.0 % Ethyl alcohol for 30 sec and 30.0% commercial Clorox (1.30% NaOCl) for 5.00 minute were the best treatment for seeds sterilization. Hypocotyl, cotyledon and cotyledonary node were excised from in vitro grown seedlings. These explants were cultured for adventitious shoot regeneration. Using MS medium supplemented with BAP at 0.50 and 1.00 mg/L produced the highest shoots number of 13.50 shoots for both of them. Microshoots were rooted on MS medium containing IBA, IAA or NAA at 0.0, 0.50, 1.00 or 2.00 mg/L. Ninety percent of the microshoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.50 and 1.0 mg/L IBA. The rooting which achieved on medium fortified with NAA at 0.50 mg/L significantly recorded the highest roots number of 12.83 roots. A total of 90% survival was achieved and an increase in shoots length (12.71cm) when rooted explants were acclimatized ex vitro using 1: 1 soil: vermiculite mixture. On the other hand, for indirect micropropagation, explants successfully formed callus by using MS medium supplemented with TDZ at 1.00, 2.00 or 4.00 mg/L. The highest shoots number derived from callus was recorded for callus cultured on MS medium fortified with 2.00 mg/L TDZ + 0.50 mg/L NAA.
Wire house experiment was conducted to study the impact of three components i.e. protecto, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), farmyard manure (FYM) and ammonia at two levels of application each as 0.9& 1.8 g, 42& 63 g; and 30& 60 ml/plant separately where the first two components applied as soil amendments whilst the third one as foliar spraying comparing to oxamyl at the recommended dose on controlling M. incognita infecting tomato cv. 888 or not and plant growth as well under greenhouse conditions during spring seasons of 2011& 2012. Results showed that all tested treatments ameliorated plant growth criteria of the infected and uninfected ones comparing to the checks. Moreover, as the level of farmyard manure and ammonia raised from 42 to 63 g for the former and from 30 to 60 ml/plant separately for the latter as tomato plant height, total plant fresh weight, shoot dry weight, leaves dry matter, total yield of tomato fruit, diameter and number percentage increase values increased for both plant cases of seasons 2011& 2012, respectively comparing to the checks. However, opposite results were recorded within treatment of protecto (Bt) levels. Among the three components with two levels each tested, ammonia at 60 ml/plant as foliar spraying application accomplished the highest percentage increase values that averaged 89.92& 70.2%, 68.9% &59.53%; and 89.7& 75.3%, 75.34& 65.9%; 59.4& 61.1%; 71.1& 51.2%; and 128.9& 132.8%, 90.3& 101.6%; and 90.4& 97.26% for plant height, total plant fresh weight, shoot dry weight, leaves dry matter, total yield tomato fruit, diameter and number for the uninfected plants of two tested seasons 2011& 2012, respectively. Similar trend was observed with the infected plants, where ammonia at 60 ml/plant also surpassed other tested treatments with values that were amounted to 70.68 and 65.44%; 84.0& 75.25%, 124.2& 119.7%; 70.7& 118.4%; 83.8& 62.8%; for the same tomato plant growth characters, respectively comparing to nematode alone for the two seasons 2011& 2012. However, plant receiving protecto (Bt) at the high level (1.8 g/plant) recorded the least values of plant height, total plant fresh weight; shoot dry weight, leaves dry matter, total yield of tomato fruit, and diameter, number, respectively for seasons 2011& 2012 of the infected and uninfected plants.
Two field experiments were carried out at Sids Agricultural Research Station, Beni-Suef Governorate Middle Egypt, during 2012 and 2013 seasons to study the effect of applications ethyleneon growth, yield components, fiber properties and chemical constituents of the Egyptian cotton hybrid [G83 (G75 X G5844)] X G80 (Gossypiumbarbadense L.,). Cotton plants were treated with ethylene at start or at maximum of flowering. The experimental design was a randomized complete blocks with four replications.Results obtained could be summarized as follows: § The application of ethylene 20 ppm. at peak of floweringincreased significantly, no. of open bolls/plant, boll weight, seed cotton yield/fed., earliness % and lint % in two seasons. § When ethylene applied at both stages, no. fruiting branches/plant and seed indexwere insignificantly affected. § On the other hand, spraying cotton plants with ethylene at 20 ppm at peak of floweringtended to increase micronaire reading while fiber strength was not affected in both seasons. § Application of ethylene at 20 ppm at peak of floweringtended to increase chemical contents in cotton leaves i.e. chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, carotene, total soluble sugar and polyphenols. It could be concluded that spraying ethylene 20 ppm. at peak of flowering could be recommended production of this new cotton hybrid [G83 (G75 X G5844)] X G80 under Middle Egypt location.
Two field experiments were carried out at Giza Agriculture Research Station during the two growing seasons of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. This investigation was aired to study the effect of different levels of irrigation i.e. irrigation at 100, 80 and 60% ETO with the soil conditioner such as compost and humic acid on Egyptian clover variety (Fahl) yield, yield components and crop - water relations. The experimental treatments were arranged in a split plot design with three replicates. The main plots represented three irrigation regimes, whereas the sub-main plots represented the test soil conditioners i.e. compost at a rate of 6 ton/fad and humic acid sprayed as 2% v/v solution three times in 15- day interval starting at sowing. The main results could be summarized as follows:- Irrigation regimes had a significant effect on growth traits, yield and yield components of clover crop and maximum values were obtained with irrigation at 100% ET0 (wet regime). On the contrary, minimum values for the corresponding respective characters were recorded with irrigation at 60% ET0 (dry regime). It could be stated that all growth, yield and yield components traits were significantly increased due to applying the assessed soil conditioners, compared with the control. - Seasonal applied water increased as irrigation rate increased, where the values were 1010, 808 and 606 m3fad-1 in 1st season and 1069, 855 and 641 m3fad-1 in 2nd season, respectively, with 100, 80 and 60% ET0 irrigation regimes. In addition, applied water was slightly increased due to the tested soil conditioners. - Water Utilization Efficiency was enhanced under irrigation at 60% ET0 (dry regime) and both compost and similar trend was exhibited with humic acid application . Results showed that application of the tested soil conditioners increased total NPK content of mono -cut Egyptian clover plants and the soil after harvest as well, comparing with the control.
This study was carried out during the two summer seasons of 2011 and 2012 at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt on summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) El-Askandarani cultivar to study the impact of plant spacing(30,40 and 60cm between plants), nitrogen fertilizer sources (organic and inorganic) and foliar spray with biostmulants(garlic or yeast extracts) and their interactions on vegetative parameters and leaf chemical constituents.Resultes indicated that, the highest values of vegetative growth characters i.e., plant length, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight, leaf area and chlorophyll contents in leaves as well as chemical constituents of leaves(N, P, K, Fe, Zn and Mn)were recorded when plants growing at 60 cm between plants. Squash plants sprayed with 2.5cm\l garlic extracts recorded better growth performance and higher values of chemical constituents of leaves than unsprayed plants. Also fertilized plants with 50%organic+50%inorganic recorded the highest significant values of most aforementioned parameters compared with control. The best results of both vegetative growth parameters and chemical constituents of leaves were recorded when plants growing at 60cm between them and fertilized by 50%organic as compost +50%inorganic as ammonium nitrate (100 kg/fed.) and sprayed with garlic or yeast extracts at 2.5cm/l in both seasons. Therefore, this treatment could be recommended for improving squash plants performance under similar condition of this study.
Two experiments were carried out at Sakha Agriculture Research Station, Cotton Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt. The aim of this investigation was to study heterosis and combining ability for the most important traits of cotton (boll weight, seed cotton yield, lint yield, lint percentage, number of bolls per plant and seed index). Eight cotton genotypes 10229 x G.86, G.45, Pima S1, Suven, TNB, CB.58, G. 70 and G. 93 were crossed in half diallel mating design in 2011 season to obtain 28 single crosses. These parents and their respective 28 F1 crosses were evaluated in two planting dates (April and May) in a randomized complete blocks design in 2012 season. The results obtained could be summarized as follows:- 1- Highly significant mean square values were obtained for genotypes, genotypes x dates, parents x dates, crosses x dates for all the studied traits. 2- The best general combiner for most of studied traits was parent (10229 x G. 86). Also the best general combiners for most of studied traits were crosses (10229 x G. 86) x Pima S1, G.45 x G.70, CB.58 x G.70 and CB.58 x G.93 3- The parent (10229 x G. 86) had the best general combining ability for boll weight, seed cotton yield, lint yield and lint percentage under two sowing dates and their combined. 4- The crosses CB.58 x G.93 and G.45 x G.70 showed highly significant desirable specific combining ability for boll weight, seed cotton yield, lint yield and number of bolls per plant at two sowing dates and their combined. 5- Positive heterotic effects relative to the mid-parent were found for most of the traits in the crosses (10229 x G.86) x G.45, G.45 x Suven, G.45 x G.70, TNB x G.70 and C.B 58 x G.93. Also positive heterotic effects relative to the better parent were found for most of the traits in the crosses (10229 x G.86) x TNB, G.45 x Suven and G.45 x G.70 over two planting dates and their combined. 6- Dominance effects were important in the inheritance of boll weight, seed cotton yield and number of bolls per plant traits. The additive gene effects contribute the major portion of gene pool for lint yield, lint percentage and seed index traits. 7- Heritability estimates in narrow sense were low to high for all the studied traits, ranged from 32.17% for seed cotton yield to 91% for boll weight for the combined data. 8- From these results it could be concluded that the crosses CB.58 x G.93 and G.45 x G.70 appeared to be promising for late-planted tolerance therefore could be exploited in breeding program aiming to improve late-planting tolerance.
A Field trial was conducted in Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station (Middle Nile Delta, Egypt) in 2011and 2012 to study the effect of four irrigation patterns under two ridge spacing on maize growth, grain yield, yield components, saving of applied irrigation water, and water productivity(WP). The assessed irrigation patterns were: 1) Control where all of furrows were irrigated (ALL), 2) irrigating via every other furrow starting at the 3rd irrigation (EOF3), 3) irrigation via every other furrow technique starting from the 4th irrigation (EOF4), and 4) irrigating with every other furrow starting from the 5th irrigation (EOF5). Irrigation patterns were evaluated under two ridge spacing (70 and 80 cm). The experimental design was randomized complete block arranged in incomplete block design, where replications were nested within ridge spacing and irrigation pattern treatments were randomly arranged within ridge spacing treatments. The most important findings could be as follows:- *Under 80-cm ridge spacing both days to 50% tasseling and 50% silking were significantly decreased, but 70-cm ridge spacing reduced ear height, and ear position (%). * Ridge spacing did not significantly affect plant height, grain yield, number of kernels per row, ear length, ear diameter, kernel depth, and 100-kernel weight. However, 80-cm ridge spacing was associated with higher ear length, ear diameter, kernel depth, and 100-kernel weight. *Irrigation pattern (EOF3) had significantly higher days to 50% tasseling than the control (ALL). Treatment EOF4 had the highest plant height. The lowest plant height was linked to EOF5 treatment but the highest ear height and ear position resulted from application of EOF3. *Grain yield was not significantly affected by irrigation patterns. Irrigation patterns EOF4 and EOF5 were associated with the lowest number of kernels per row. * Effect of ridge spacing x irrigation pattern Interaction was significant for plant height, ear height and kernel depth. *Applied irrigation water decreased, while water productivity increased under 80-cm comparing with 70-cm ridge spacing. The highest value of applied water was recorded for (ALL) irrigation pattern treatment with 70-cm ridge spacing. Application of EOF3, EOF4, and EOF5 patterns reduced applied irrigation water and improved water productivity. *The highest WP was recorded under the interaction of planting maize crop in 80-cm ridge spacing with EOF3 and EOF4 irrigation patterns. Saving irrigation water was higher at EOF3 followed by EOF4, then EOF5. This study strongly suggest applying every other furrow irrigation technique starting from the 3rd irrigation (EOF3) with planting maize crop on 80-cm ridge spacing to save more irrigation water without concomitant reduction in grain yield.